199 Old and Middle English Literature Koskenniemi, Inna (1968) Repetitive Word Pairs in Old and Early Middle English Prose. Turku, Finland: Turun Yliopisto. Leisi, Ernst (1947) Die tautologischen Wortpaare in Caxtons Eneydos. Cambridge, MA: Murray. Malkiel, Yakov (1959) “Studies in Irreversible Binomials.” [In:] Lingua 8; 113–160. Mollin, Sandra (2014) The (Ir)reversibility of English Binomials: Corpus, Constraints, Developments. (Studies in Corpus Linguistics 64). Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. Sauer Hans, Birgit Schwan (2017) “Heaven and Earth, Good and Bad, Answered and Said: A Survey of English Binomials and Multinomials (Part 1 and 2).” [In:] Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 134; 83–96, 185–204. Tyrkkö, Jukka (2017) “Binomials in English Novels of the Late Modern Period: Fixedness, Formulaicity, and Style.” [In:] Joanna Kopaczyk, Hans Sauer (eds.) (2017) Binomials in the History of English: Fixed and Flexible. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 296–321. Appendix: Binomials and multinomials in Hoccleve’s Epistre de Cupide When the words still exist in Modern English, I have usually given their Modern English form, followed by their Middle English form (as edited by Ellis 2001) A.1. Binomials A.1.1. Nouns 1) bird or fowl (brid or foul, l. 184) 2) b oast – wrong imagination (hir boost / And al hir wrong ymaginacioun, l. 235) 3) change and novelty (chaunge and noueltee, l. 112) 4) change and variance (chaunge and variaunce, l. 448) 5) cheere and contenance (l. 23) 6) crop and root (croppe and roote of gyle, l. 17) 7) custom and usage (costume and vsage, l. 340) 8) death and shame (deeth and shame, l. 307); for ‘death or life’ cf.: multinomials 9) duchess – queen (a duchesse or a qweene, l. 240) 10) engine and pain (so greet engyn and peyne ‘skill and pain,’ l. 296)
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