TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures . .............................................................................................. ix List of Tables ................................................................................................. x Acknowledgments. ........................................................................................ xi Introduction................................................................................................ xii 1. Theoretical Background: Cognitive Semantics 1.0. Introduction....................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory...................................................... 1 1.2. Blending Theory................................................................................. 23 1.3. Force dynamics................................................................................... 28 1.4. Concluding remarks and an outline for the analysis............................. 29 2. Metaphors in Science and Biology 2.0. Introduction....................................................................................... 31 2.1. Metaphor and philosophy of science.................................................... 31 2.2. Models and metaphors........................................................................ 34 2.3. Functions of metaphors in science....................................................... 37 2.4. Consequences of metaphor in science.................................................. 40 2.5. The literal–nonliteral distinction......................................................... 42 2.6. The advantages of the CMT perspective on metaphor in science. ........ 44 2.7. Metaphor in biology........................................................................... 46 2.8. Metaphors in Darwin’s theory of evolution. ........................................ 55 2.9. Concluding remarks............................................................................ 65 3. The Conceptualization of Evolutionary Change 3.0. Introduction....................................................................................... 67 3.1. Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution......................................... 68 3.2. Evolutionary change is a JOURNEY. ................................................. 70 3.3. Genetic relationships among organisms and the Tree of Life................ 96 3.4. Conceptualization of change: consequences for Darwin’s theory.......... 118 3.5. Concluding remarks............................................................................ 123 4. Antagonistic Construals in the Theory of Evolution 4.0. Introduction....................................................................................... 125 4.1. The metaphor RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE ARE A STRUGGLE. 125
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