LIST OF SELECTED IPA SYMBOLS æ open front unrounded oral vowel β voiced bilabial fricative ɕ voiceless (alveolo)palatal fricative ð voiced dental fricative d͡ʒ voiced palatoalveolar affricate ə mid central unrounded oral vowel (schwa) ɚ rhotacized mid central unrounded oral vowel ɛ open-mid front unrounded oral vowel ɛ̃ open-mid front unrounded nasalized vowel h voiceless glottal fricative x voiceless velar fricative ɪ lax close front unrounded oral vowel ɨ high central unrounded oral vowel j oral palatal approximant l voiced alveolar lateral approximant ɫ velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant ɱ voiced labiodental nasal stop ŋ voiced velar nasal stop ɲ voiced palatal nasal stop ɔ open-mid back rounded oral vowel ɔ̃ open-mid back rounded nasalized vowel ɾ voiced alveolar tap ɹ voiced postalveolar approximant r voiced alveolar trill ʃ voiceless palatoalveolar fricative ʂ voiceless postalveolar fricative θ voiceless dental fricative t͡ʃ voiceless palatoalveolar affricate t͡s voiceless alveolar affricate ʊ lax close back rounded oral vowel ʌ open-mid back unrounded oral vowel ɣ voiced velar fricative ʒ voiced palatoalveolar fricative ʐ voiced retroflex fricative ʑ voiced alveolopalatal fricative ⟨⟩ spelling // phonemic transcription : long vowel ‘ primary stress
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