112 Diagnosing Dysarthria in Adults J JAW ~ immobility 53 lockjaw 52 lower ~ 28, 44 ~ limited mobility 86 ~ mobility 44 ~ movement 13, 45 L labiodental 23 language ~ awareness 29 ~ definition 3 native ~ 1, 94 ~ production 30 laryngeal fiberoscopy 35 laryngoscopy direct ~ 35 indirect ~ 35 larynx 4, 5, 11, 13–14, 77 ~movement 13 lateral fissure 11 LD. See laryngeal dystonia lesion 12, 13, 31–32 limited movement. See hypokinesia LIPS 1, 28, 36, 52 ~ efficacy 2 ~ function 1, 23, 92 limited movement of ~ 53 ~ movement 24 ~ muscles 13 ~ rounding 11 slowed movement of ~ 86 ~ tension 50 ~ tremor 44 upper ~ 43, 91, 97 ~ weakening 19 Lou Gehrig disease. See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lungs 4, 13–14 M manic conditions 14 medulla 14 medulla oblongata 11, 51 mental mechanisms 30 MND. See motor neuron disease modulation 10, 13, 41 mononeuropathy 13 motor cortex 11 motor fibers 11, 13 motor function 12–13 motor neuron lower ~ 24, 52–53 upper ~ 14, 24, 52 motor neuron disease (MND) 51 motor nuclei 11–14 motor system 13 MS ~ symptoms 81 mumbling 24, 27 muscle antagonistic ~ 12 ~ atrophy 51 mastication ~ 13, 51 ~ of mastication 11, 22 respiratory ~ 4, 11, 13–14 swallowing ~ 45 synergistic ~ 12 ~ weakness 51 ~, decreased tension. See hypotonia ~, increased tension. See hypertonia ~, uncontrolled movement. See hyperkinesia muscular atrophy 51 myasthenia 13 N narrowing 17–18, 22, 38, 45 apical, dental ~ 18 nasal 4–6, 11, 69, 86, 92 nasality 14, 23–24, 36, 46, 100 excessive ~ 14 hypernasality 14 hyponasality 14 nasalization 23–24 nasopharynx. See cavity, lateral nasal neuroimaging 34 neurological condition 1, 29, 36, 48, 92, 94
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