33 2. Overall framework of contact phenomena 3. What are the domains of use? In which areas is the language used? Is the usage of language limited or may the speakers use it freely? Are there any factors which limit communication? These questions require sociolinguistic knowledge. 4. What concurrent languages are employed by its users? According to Haugen (1972: 331), this issue is a matter of dialinguistics. It helps to assess the degree of the bilingual phenomenon among speech communities and also the domains of using both languages. 5. What internal varieties does a language show? When exploring this area, one must analyze co-occurring regional dialects and employ dialectology in order to account for the range of different forms of speech. 6. What is the nature of its written traditions? What is the relation of written texts to spoken ones? 7. To what degree has its written form been standardized, i.e. unified and codified? This issue should be examined within the field of prescriptive linguistics, traditional grammar and lexicography. 8. What kind of institutional support has it won, either in government, education or private organization, either to regulate its form or propagate it? Support for the development of language is a task for glottopolitics. 9. What are the attitudes of its users towards the language, in terms of intimacy and status, leading to personal identification? According to Haugen (1972: 329), this area of study can be called ethnolinguistics. How do the language users identify themselves with the language? Does the language they use express their ethnic identity? And how conscious is the link between language and society? 10. Finally, we may wish to summarize its status in a typology of ecological classification which will tell us something about where the language stands and where it is going in comparison with the other languages of the world. This is a question of how a language has changed over the years and what the current state of its development is. It is also a question of the possible directions of its further evolution. The above ten points of a language matrix were prepared by Einar Haugen on the basis of Norwegian minorities in the USA. However, the matrix can be applied to any language. The hierarchy of matrix points may change due to the scope of a given point (e.g. a long and rich writing tradition). It was Wąsik (1993: 21) who first proposed and introduced the notion of language ecology into Polish linguistics. He presented and developed his own
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