238 Jamaican Creole Proverbs from the Perspective of Contact Linguistics F family tree model 78 first language acquisition 19 foreigner talk 59, 66–67, 69, 70, 73, 76–77 Franglais 18 G gap-filling approach 20 glottopolitics 33 grammatical replacement 20–22 H habitualization 2 Haitian 30, 59, 75, 91, 96 Hiri Motu 49, 55 hybridization 78 I Iberians 9 independent parallel development 74 J Jamaican 1–6, 8–9, 11, 18, 34–35, 37–39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 62, 68, 71, 76, 80–81, 83–84, 88–90, 93–95, 104, 106, 108–109, 112–120, 123–124, 149, 157, 165, 177, 182, 229 Japlish 18 jargon 38, 43, 51–52, 62, 66, 73, 77–78, 80–81, 98 Chinook 49, 67 Delaware 49 Eskimo 67 Eskimo trade 49 K Kadiwéu 19 Krio 49 L L2 acquisition 19 language auxiliary 80 dead 25 declining 17 dying 25 endangered 15, 16, 22–23 extinct 16–17 flourishing 17 lexifier 5, 26, 29, 46–48, 50, 53, 55–58, 60, 65, 72–73, 78–79, 94, 119 mixed 1, 13–14, 44, 48, 75, 81 obsolescent 17 potentially endangered 16 seriously/severely endangered 16 sick 25 strong 25 substrate 26, 30–32, 45–46, 76, 88 superstrate 60–61, 88, 91–93 threatened 17 viable 17, 81 Language Convergence 28 language ecology 31, 33 language shift 1 lingua franca 1, 26, 41, 50, 63–64, 68, 71, 78 loanword 18, 20 London standard 6 M Maa 20–21 Maroons 9, 84, 115 Mauritian 91 Mayan 15 Mende 119–120, 125, 194 mesolect 92, 124 mesolectal 18, 37, 119–121, 123, 125 Mobilian Jargon 49, 55 monogenesis 30, 46 monogenetic 63, 71–72 Moribund 16 multilingualism 44 N Nahuatl 23 nativization 81, 90–91 naturalization 27 negotiation 19, 122 new formation 6, 7
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